1/22/2024
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Phase 6 Quiz Review
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Surface Analysis Charts
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  • the lines displayed are isobar lines
    • these are lines of equal pressure

Locating ATC Frequencies
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  • these can be found on the sectional
  • frequencies found in the chart supplement should also be used when operating on or near airports this can be useful to quickly figure out which frequency should be used
    • you can also find this information on ForeFlight

Written Exam Review
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Things to Review
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Missed Questions on Previous Exam
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  • Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping
  • Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations
  • Effects of Temperature
  • Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of the airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and the effect of wind
  • Estimated time of arrival to include conversion to UTC
  • Weight and balance
    • Aft center of gravity will result in better cruise performance because the horizontal stabilizer will cause less loading on the wings and thus allow for a lower angle of attack meaning less overall induced drag
  • Powerplant and propeller
  • Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments
  • airport markings, signs, and lights
  • Proper radio communication procedures and ATC phraseology
  • Right-of-way rules
  • Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance
  • Collision hazards, to include aircraft, terrain, obstacles, wires, vehicles, vessels, persons, and wildlife
  • A stabilized approach, to include energy management concepts
  • Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing
  • Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements
  • Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes
  • Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, to include the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects
  • Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments)
  • Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies

Aeromedical Factors
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Hypoxia
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Supplemental Oxygen Requirements
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  • review FAR 91.211: Supplemental Oxygen Requirements
    • these are regulatory
    1. At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration;
    2. At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight time at those altitudes; and
    3. At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen.
  • review AIM 8-1-2(a)(6): Hypoxia
    • these are recommendations
    1. above 10,000 ft during the daytime
    2. above 5,000 ft at night

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
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  • review the checklist for carbon monoxide
  • remember that the heater passes air over the exhaust manifold which will could become contaminated

Types of Hypoxia
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Hypoxic Hypoxia
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Caused by increased pressure altitude or a blocked airway. Can be thought of as not enough oxygen being able to enter into the lungs. This is the most common occurrence of hypoxia in aviation.

Hypemic Hypoxia
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Caused by blood not being able to take up oxygen and transport it. Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of this. The hemoglobin in your body will bind to the Carbon Monoxide instead of oxygen, and therefore transport it instead.

Stagnant Hypoxia
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Caused by the circulatory system not being able to circulate enough oxygenated blood throughout the body. This could be caused by high g maneuvers in airplanes, where the body can't push oxygenated blood into the brain.
Additionally, stagnant hypoxia can be caused by diseases like sickle cell anemia, or hypothermia, which causes blood vessels to constrict.

Histotoxic Hypoxia
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Caused by cells not being able to use the oxygen that is transported to it. This can often times be caused by the use of alcohol or drugs which impair cell functions in accepting oxygen.
The best example of this would be cyanide poisoning, which directly prevents cells from using oxygen and is fatal.

Motion Sickness
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  • advise passengers to focus outside on a point and avoid abrupt movements

Checklists
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  • good not about the preflight risk assessment matrix
  • IM SAFE checklist (review this!!)
    • Illness
    • Medication
    • Stress
    • Alcohol
    • Fatigue
    • Eating / Emotion
  • PAVE checklist
    • Pilot
    • Aircraft
    • enVironment
    • External Pressures

Alcohol Regulations
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Dissolved Nitrogen
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  • good job finding the information in the AIM

Fatigue
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  • review the types of fatigue

Ignition System
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1/20/2024
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  • ALWAYS verify checklist items during all phase changes and when approaching the airport
    • these need to be done

Unusual Attitudes
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  • remember, the stops for a nose low attitude are
    1. reduce power
    2. correct bank
    3. increase pitch
  • airspeed indicator should always be your primary instrument when figuring out how you should recover

BAI
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  • great job maintaining aircraft control
  • don't forget about checklists during these phases

Short Field Landings
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  • good job making your point
  • don't forget about adding nose up trim
  • don't forget about pulling the flaps once we touch down
  • the braking and aerodynamic baking was great

1/19/2024
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Weather
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  • remember that ALL weather is caused by uneven heating of the earth's surface

Requirements for Thunderstorm Formation
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  1. moisture (high humidity)
  2. lifting action
  3. Unstable Lapse Rate (unstable conditions)

Lapse Rate
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  • refers to the rate that the temperature decreases as altitude is increased
  • a higher lapse rate means that warm air moving upwards doesn't have time to equalize with the surrounding temperature and therefore continues to rise in the atmosphere
  • This is very important to remember when thinking about weather

Air Masses
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  • Large bodies of air that take on the characteristics of the surrounding area or the source region
  • Generally identified as polar or tropical based on temperature characteristics and maritime or continental based on moisture content
  • Continental polar air mass
    • Forms over polar region and brings cool, dry air with it
  • Maritime tropical air mass
    • Form over warm tropical waters and bring warm, moist air with it
  • An air mass passing over a warmer surface is warmed from below, and convective currents form, causing the air to rise, this creates an unstable air mass with good surface visibility
    • Moist, unstable air causes cumulus clouds, showers, and turbulence
  • An air mass passing over a colder surface does not form convective currents but instead creates a stable air mass with poor surface visibility
    • Smoke, dust, and other particles cannot rise out of the air mass and are instead trapped near the surface

Cold Front
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  • Mass of cold, dense, and stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air
  • Move rapidly (25 to 30 mph) but can also be faster
  • Dense and stays close to the ground
  • Pushes the air in front of it up rapidly causing the temperature to decrease suddenly and the creation of clouds
  • Steeper frontal slope than a warm front
    WARM AIR

Warm Front
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  • Warm air advances and replaces a body of colder air
  • Move slowly (10 to 25 mph)
  • Falling barometric pressure
  • Warm air is lifted and temperature drops, causing condensation and clouds/precipitation
  • In the summer months, thunderstorms are likely to develop

Airworthiness Requirements
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  • good job on required inspections
  • review A TOMATO FLAMES
  • registration is typically valid for 7 years

Principles of Flight
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  • good job on determining when the forces are equal

Drag
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  • Induced drag is related to the production of lift
  • as angle of attack increases, induced drag will increase

Lift
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Medical Certificates
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  • review the below information about medical certificates

First Class Certificate
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A first class certificate is required for the following operations:

  • Exercising the PIC privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate
  • Exercising the SIC privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate in a flag (flight does not begin and end in the Contiguous United States) or supplemental operation in part 121 that requires three or more pilots
  • When serving as a required pilot flightcrew member in an operation conducted under part 121 if the pilot has reached his or her 60th birthday
    Essentially, we can think of first class medicals as being required for airline (part 121) operations.

Second Class Certificate
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A second class certificate is required for the following operations:

  • SIC privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate in part 121 (other than the ones outlined above requiring a first class medical)
  • Privileges of a commercial pilot certificate in an aircraft other than a balloon or glider
  • Privileges of a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon class rating for compensation or hire, excluding flight instruction

Third Class Certificate
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A third class certificate is required for the following operations:

  • Exercising the privileges of a private pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, or student pilot certificate
  • Exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate and acting as the pilot in command or as a required flightcrew member
  • Performing the duties as an Examiner in an aircraft when administering a practical test or proficiency check for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization

Third Class Certificate Exemptions
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FAR Part 61.113(i): Medical Certificate Exemptions
A pilot may operate under BasicMed if all of the following conditions are met:

  • The aircraft is authorized to carry not more than 6 occupants, has a maximum takeoff weight of not more than 6,000 pounds, and is operated with no more than 5 passengers on board
  • The flight is not carried out at an altitude more than 18,000 feet MSL, outside the United States unless authorized by the country where the flight is conducted, or at an indicated airspeed exceeding 250 knots
  • The pilot has available in their logbook the completed medical examination checklist required under FAR 68.7 and the certificate of course completion required under FAR 61.23(c)(3)

Validity Times
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  • can be found in 61.23
  • remember that the valid times are based on the age you were when you got the certificate in the first place

1/17/2024
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  • the reason for putting ground / ATIS on com 2 and tower on com 1 is so that we will essentially always do a radio check for both coms before takeoff
  • don't forget to check transponder (1200)
  • be very careful when using pilotage to identify when you're able to climb below the bravo shelf

Lost Procedures
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  • overall good job
  • continue to practice with these procedures so that you can be faster (particularly using VORs to identify your position)

Diversion
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  • continue to practice with this in the ground trainer
  • you want to consider all airspace and terrain along your new route and make sure that you have enough fuel to make it

1/16/2024
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Contacting Flight Service
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Diversion Procedures
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  • good job
  • just remember that you want to head in the general direction of your alternate (if terrain / airspace isn't a factor)

Lost Procedures
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  • good job
  • continue to review these so that you have them down

VFR Weather Minimums
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1/15/2024
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Pitot Static Instruments / G1000 Instruments
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Weather Briefings
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Standard
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  • Most complete information and a more complete picture
  • Should be obtained prior to the departure of any flight and used during flight planning
  • Contains
    • Adverse conditions
    • VFR flight not recommended if weather is not considered acceptable
    • Synopsis – overview of the larger weather picture
    • Current condition – current ceilings, visibility, winds, and temperatures
    • En route forecast
    • Destination forecast
    • Forecast winds/temps aloft
    • NOTAM information
    • ATC delays – advisory of any known ATC delays
    • Other information

Abbreviated
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  • Shortened version of standard briefing
  • Should be requested when a departure has been delayed
  • Can be used to update a previous briefing to only include the relevant information that has changed

Outlook Briefing
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  • Should be used when a planned departure is more than 6 hours in advance
  • Good for flight planning information and to get a general picture of the weather conditions that can be expected

VFR / MVFR / IFR / LIFR Airport Conditions
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ConditionsLIFRIFRMVFRVFR
Ceilingless than 500 ft500 ft to less than 1,000 ft1,000 to 3,000 ftgreater than 3,000 ft
Visibilityless than 1sm1sm to less than 3sm3sm to 5smgreater than 5sm

Icing Hazards
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AIRMETs / SIGMETs / Convective SIGMETs
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AIRMETs
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  • ZULU
    • Icing and freezing levels
  • TANGO
    • turbulence / surface winds . low level wind shear
  • Sierra
    • IFR conditions and mountain obscuration

Thunderstorms
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Phases
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Pasted image 20240115134611.png

  • Cumulus stage
    • Lifting action of the air begins
    • Clouds continue to increase in vertical height
    • Strong updrafts prohibit moisture from falling
    • Lasts about 15 minutes
  • Mature stage
    • Most violent time period
    • Moisture is too heavy for the cloud to support
    • Creates a downward motion of air
    • Violent turbulence exists
  • Dissipating stage
    • Downdrafts spread out and replace the updrafts needed to sustain the storm

Types of Thunderstorms
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  • Air mass thunderstorms
    • Occur at random in unstable air
    • Last for an hour or two
    • Generally result of surface heating
  • Steady state thunderstorms
    • Associated with weather systems
    • Fronts, converging wind , and troughs aloft force upward motion
    • Updrafts become stronger and last much longer than in air mass storms
  • Squall line
    • Narrow band of active thunderstorms
    • Often develops on or ahead of a cold front in moist unstable air

1/13/2024
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  • don't forget about nav lights these are required from sunset to sunrise
  • Verify all airspace along your route
    • we almost busted the Bravo
    • this is something that cannot happen
  • always pre brief how you're going to enter into the pattern at any airport you're planning on going to
  • good job troubleshooting frequencies
  • nice job with VOR navigation
    • remember, when headed TO the vor, set the reciprocal radial and look for the TO fla
    • when headed away FROM the vor, set the radial you're on and look for the FROM flag
    • always verify the identifier

1/12/2024
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Definitions of night time
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Definition of Night Time

"Night" means the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, converted to local time.

FAR 1.1: Definitions

This is when you can begin to log night time

Night Currency

Night takeoff and landing currency is based on takeoffs and landings that occur 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise

Because of this, you could land during the "night" and have that landing not count towards your currency

FAR 61.57(b)

Night Illusions
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1/8/2024
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  • double check that oil temperature has risen above 100 degrees before beginning run up
  • steep turns
    • good job
    • add power a little bit earlier
  • cancelled the solo portion because of increasing crosswind component

1/5/2024
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  • be prepared to use landmarks for navigation around the airport area in case you get strange instructions from the tower
  • good job staying on your heading and identifying waypoints along your route
  • be prepared to write in your navlog
    • it can be a lot when you're trying to fly the airplane at the same time
    • this is something that you can practice easily in the ground trainer
  • GREAT DECISION TO GO AROUND
  • good decision to change your altitude when there were clouds that wouldn't allow you to maintain VFR

12/20/2023
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  • short and soft field practice at X23
    • KORL - X23 - KORL
  • teardrop entry
    • nice job making radio calls throughout
    • distance extending out was great and allowed for entry into normal downwind
    • good job with descending turn
  • short field takeoffs
    • great job using maximum available space
    • set crosswind correction when entering runway
    • good job holding obstacle barrier speed
  • short field landings
    • speeds were great
    • be more aggressive with adding brakes
    • bring flaps up immediately after touchdown
  • soft field takeoff
    • good job not using brakes on runway
    • hold more elevator back pressure during the takeoff roll nose should be a little bit higher
    • be more aggressive with forward pressure after rotation to stay in ground effect
      • this will allow for additional safety if we encounter wind shear
      • airspeed is low so exiting ground effect early could cause a stall
  • soft field landings
    • good job with airspeeds
    • continue to hold back elevator until the elevator stalls
    • don't use brakes
  • good job navigating
  • GREAT JOB WITH RADIO CALLS!!
  • autopilot notes
    • be extra cautious with the autopilot
    • when descending, or in any phase change, pay attention to the flight instruments and remember that you may have to intervene with power changes or disconnecting the autopilot if it does anything you don't expect
  • good job navigating
  • GREAT JOB WITH RADIO CALLS!!
  • autopilot notes
    • be extra cautious with the autopilot
    • when descending, or in any phase change, pay attention to the flight instruments and remember that you may have to intervene with power changes or disconnecting the autopilot if it does anything you don't expect

12/19/2023
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  • takeoff and landing practice
  • DON'T forget to bug your altitude
  • make sure to test the autopilot before beginning taxi
  • watch out for your extended downwind you don't want to get off of your desired track
    • IMG_0038.jpeg
    • you can see a few times when we were passing the approach end you tended to follow colonial
  • allow the airplane to touch down when it is ready
    • especially with gusting winds, it is important that you hold the proper round out altitude and be gentle with the flare
    • don't flare when you would normally flare, feel the controls and notice when the airplane starts to descent as an indicator of when you should flare
  • great job with the decisions to go around
    • pay attention to your flaps and don't forget to retract them because that can cause you to not climb at your desired climb rate
    • you don't need to call the tower immediately, but once the airplane is stabilized let them know you are going around
  • continue to work on your radio communications
  • great job handling the gusting winds and thermals

12/13/2023
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  • cancelled flight due to high crosswind component (too high for solo flight)

Previous Notes - Jacob Flake
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andrehebra.github.io/student-notes/Students/Jacob-Flake/Notes.html

Table Of Contents

1/22/2024

Phase 6 Quiz Review

Surface Analysis Charts

Locating ATC Frequencies

Written Exam Review

Things to Review

Missed Questions on Previous Exam

Aeromedical Factors

Hypoxia

Supplemental Oxygen Requirements

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Types of Hypoxia

Hypoxic Hypoxia

Hypemic Hypoxia

Stagnant Hypoxia

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Motion Sickness

Checklists

Alcohol Regulations

Dissolved Nitrogen

Fatigue

Ignition System

1/20/2024

Unusual Attitudes

BAI

Short Field Landings

1/19/2024

Weather

Requirements for Thunderstorm Formation

Lapse Rate

Air Masses

Cold Front

Warm Front

Airworthiness Requirements

Principles of Flight

Drag

Lift

Medical Certificates

First Class Certificate

Second Class Certificate

Third Class Certificate

Third Class Certificate Exemptions

Validity Times

1/17/2024

Navigation (Pilotage)

Lost Procedures

Diversion

1/16/2024

Contacting Flight Service

Diversion Procedures

Lost Procedures

VFR Weather Minimums

1/15/2024

Pitot Static Instruments / G1000 Instruments

Weather Briefings

Standard

Abbreviated

Outlook Briefing

VFR / MVFR / IFR / LIFR Airport Conditions

Icing Hazards

AIRMETs / SIGMETs / Convective SIGMETs

AIRMETs

Thunderstorms

Phases

Types of Thunderstorms

1/13/2024

1/12/2024

Definitions of night time

Night Illusions

1/8/2024

1/5/2024

12/20/2023

12/19/2023

12/13/2023

Previous Notes - Jacob Flake